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in

Execute commands inside Docker containers or Kubernetes pods.

Synopsis​

xec in [options] <target> [command...]

Description​

The in command executes commands, scripts, or tasks inside Docker containers and Kubernetes pods. It provides a unified interface for container execution across different container runtimes.

Arguments​

  • <target> - Target container or pod (supports patterns)
  • [command...] - Command to execute (optional, defaults to interactive shell)

Target Patterns​

  • containers.name - Specific Docker container
  • pods.name - Specific Kubernetes pod
  • containers.* - All Docker containers
  • pods.* - All Kubernetes pods
  • {containers.web,containers.api} - Multiple specific targets

Options​

General Options​

  • -p, --profile <profile> - Configuration profile to use
  • -i, --interactive - Interactive mode (attach to container)
  • --task <task> - Execute a configured task in the target
  • --repl - Start a REPL session with $target available
  • -t, --timeout <duration> - Command timeout (e.g., 30s, 5m)
  • -e, --env <key=value> - Environment variables (can be used multiple times)
  • -d, --cwd <path> - Working directory in container
  • -u, --user <user> - User to run command as
  • --parallel - Execute on multiple targets in parallel
  • -v, --verbose - Enable verbose output
  • -q, --quiet - Suppress output
  • --dry-run - Preview execution without running

Examples​

Basic Command Execution​

Execute simple commands in containers:

# Execute in Docker container
xec in containers.app "ls -la"

# Execute in Kubernetes pod
xec in pods.webapp "date"

# Check running processes
xec in containers.db "ps aux"

# Run package manager commands
xec in containers.node "npm test"

Interactive Shell​

Start interactive shell sessions:

# Interactive shell in container (default)
xec in containers.app

# Interactive shell with specific user
xec in -u root containers.web

# Interactive shell with custom working directory
xec in -d /app containers.api

Script Execution​

Run scripts with container context:

# Execute TypeScript script
xec in containers.app ./scripts/deploy.ts

# Execute JavaScript file
xec in pods.worker ./migrate.js

# Script with $target context available
xec in containers.test ./test-runner.js

Task Execution​

Run configured tasks in containers:

# Run test task
xec in containers.app --task test

# Run build task
xec in pods.builder --task build

# Run custom task
xec in containers.* --task migrate --parallel

REPL Mode​

Start REPL with container context:

# Start REPL with $target available
xec in containers.app --repl

# REPL for debugging
xec in pods.api --repl

# Access container filesystem in REPL
# > await $target`ls -la`
# > const config = await $target`cat /app/config.json`

Multiple Target Execution​

Execute on multiple targets:

# Run on all containers
xec in containers.* "date"

# Parallel execution
xec in containers.* "npm test" --parallel

# Specific containers
xec in {containers.web,containers.api} "health-check"

Environment Variables​

Set environment variables for execution:

# Single environment variable
xec in containers.app -e NODE_ENV=production "npm start"

# Multiple environment variables
xec in pods.worker -e DB_HOST=localhost -e DB_PORT=5432 "./run.sh"

# Override container defaults
xec in containers.test -e DEBUG=true "pytest"

Working Directory​

Set working directory for command:

# Change to specific directory
xec in containers.app -d /app/src "npm test"

# Run from project root
xec in pods.builder -d /workspace "make build"

# Temporary directory
xec in containers.temp -d /tmp "./cleanup.sh"

Timeout Control​

Set execution timeouts:

# 30 second timeout
xec in containers.app -t 30s "npm test"

# 5 minute timeout
xec in pods.migration -t 5m "./migrate.js"

# 1 hour timeout for long tasks
xec in containers.backup -t 1h "./backup.sh"

User Context​

Run commands as specific user:

# Run as root
xec in -u root containers.app "apt-get update"

# Run as application user
xec in -u app containers.web "npm install"

# Run as numeric UID
xec in -u 1000 pods.worker "./script.sh"

Target Types​

Docker Containers​

Execute in Docker containers:

# Named container
xec in containers.myapp "ls"

# Container by ID
xec in containers.abc123 "date"

# All running containers
xec in containers.* "health-check" --parallel

Kubernetes Pods​

Execute in Kubernetes pods:

# Pod in default namespace
xec in pods.webapp "kubectl version"

# Pod with specific container
xec in pods.multi-container "date"
# (uses container from config)

# All pods matching pattern
xec in pods.worker-* "./process.sh" --parallel

Advanced Usage​

Parallel Execution​

Run commands on multiple targets simultaneously:

# Test all services
xec in containers.* --task test --parallel

# Deploy to multiple pods
xec in pods.app-* "./deploy.sh" --parallel

# Collect logs from all containers
xec in containers.* "tail -n 100 /var/log/app.log" --parallel

Command Chaining​

Chain multiple commands:

# Multiple commands
xec in containers.app "cd /app && npm test && npm build"

# Pipe commands
xec in pods.processor "cat data.json | jq '.items[]' | wc -l"

# Conditional execution
xec in containers.db "pg_isready && psql -c 'SELECT 1'"

Script Context​

Scripts have access to container context:

// deploy.js
const result = await $target`npm run build`;
console.log(result.stdout);

await $target`cp -r dist/* /var/www/`;

Interactive Testing​

Use interactive mode for debugging:

# Debug container issues
xec in -i containers.broken

# Inspect pod filesystem
xec in -i pods.debug

# Test connectivity
xec in -i containers.network

Configuration​

Configure defaults in .xec/config.yaml:

targets:
  containers:
    app:
      type: docker
      container: my-app
      workdir: /app
      user: node
      shell: /bin/bash
    
  pods:
    worker:
      type: k8s
      namespace: production
      pod: worker-deployment-abc123
      container: worker  # For multi-container pods

commands:
  in:
    timeout: "1m"
    parallel: false
    env:
      - NODE_ENV=production

Docker-Specific Features​

Docker Exec Options​

The command maps to docker exec with options:

# Basic execution
xec in containers.app "ls"
# → docker exec app ls

# With user and workdir
xec in -u root -d /tmp containers.app "pwd"
# → docker exec -u root -w /tmp app pwd

# Interactive
xec in -i containers.app
# → docker exec -it app /bin/sh

Container States​

  • Container must be running
  • Use container name or ID
  • Supports pattern matching on names

Kubernetes-Specific Features​

Kubectl Exec Options​

The command maps to kubectl exec with options:

# Basic execution
xec in pods.webapp "ls"
# → kubectl exec webapp -- ls

# With namespace (from config)
xec in pods.webapp "date"
# → kubectl exec -n production webapp -- date

# Specific container in pod
xec in pods.multi "ps"
# → kubectl exec multi -c app -- ps

Pod Selection​

  • Pod must be in Running state
  • Namespace from configuration
  • Container selection for multi-container pods

Error Handling​

The command handles common errors:

  • Container/pod not found
  • Container not running
  • Command not found in container
  • Permission denied
  • Timeout exceeded

Use -v, --verbose for detailed error information.

Performance Considerations​

  • Commands execute directly in containers (no SSH overhead)
  • Parallel execution for multiple targets
  • Stream processing for large outputs
  • Efficient for batch operations

Security Notes​

  • Respects container user permissions
  • Environment variables not logged
  • Sensitive commands should use --quiet
  • Interactive mode for secure input

Troubleshooting​

Container Not Found​

# List available containers
docker ps

# Check configuration
xec inspect containers

Pod Not Ready​

# Check pod status
kubectl get pods

# Wait for pod ready
kubectl wait --for=condition=ready pod/webapp

Permission Denied​

# Run as root
xec in -u root containers.app "chmod +x script.sh"

# Check container user
xec in containers.app "whoami"
  • on - Execute commands on SSH hosts
  • run - Run scripts and tasks
  • logs - View container/pod logs

Exit Codes​

  • 0 - Success
  • 1 - General error
  • 2 - Invalid arguments
  • 3 - Target not found
  • 4 - Command execution failed
  • 124 - Timeout exceeded